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This article is about the early scholars of Islam in the history of Islam. ==Analyses and study of early documents== The Quran sets the rights, the responsibilities and the rules for people and for societies to adhere to, for instance, not dealing in interest. Muhammand then provided an example, which is recorded in the hadith books, showing people how he practically implement these rules in a society. After the death of Muhammad, there was a need for jurists, to decide on new legal matters where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the Hadith, example of Islamic prophet Muhammad regarding a similar case.〔(Islam Vs. West: Fact Or Fiction? By Abubakr Asadulla - Page 30 )〕〔Islamic State Practices, International Law And The Threat From Terrorism by Javaid Rehman Page 20 ()〕 All the Muslims follow the Quran and the example of Muhammad. The differences between the denominations in Islam are primarily political. The Sunnis give more importance to the Quran and the books containing the hadith, examples of Muhammad, but since all the early scholars and all the four caliphs worked together, the Sunnis accept all the first four caliphs, as they were elected by the community. They also accept all the early imams (scholars) for their knowledge. While the Shias who constitute around 10-20% of the Muslims are more hereditary and only accept Ali the fourth caliph and only accept the male descendent of Ali through his son Hussein as imams. But different branches of Shia accept different brothers. All these scholars were taught by Muhammad's companions, many of whom settled in Madina. Muwatta〔()〕 by Malik ibn Anas was written as a consensus of the opinion, of these scholars.〔(History of Islamic Law by N. J. Coulson page 103 )〕〔E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 5 By Martijn Theodoor Houtsma page 207 ()〕〔Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon By Moshe Sharon Page 264 ()〕 The Muwatta〔 by Malik ibn Anas quotes 13 hadiths from Imam Jafar al-Sadiq.〔Al-Muwatta of Imam Malik Ibn Anas:Translated by Aisha Bewley (Book #5, Hadith #5.9.23)(Book #16, Hadith #16.1.1)(Book #17, Hadith #17.24.43)(Book #20, Hadith #20.10.40)(Book #20, Hadith #20.11.44)(Book #20, Hadith #20.32.108)(Book #20, Hadith #20.39.127)(Book #20, Hadith #20.40.132)(Book #20, Hadith #20.49.167) (Book #20, Hadith #20.57.190)(Book #26, Hadith #26.1.2)(Book #29, Hadith #29.5.17)(Book #36, Hadith #36.4.5)()〕 Much of the knowledge we have about Muhammand is narrated through Aisha the wife of Muhammad, also a renowned scholar of her time. Aisha raised and taught her nephew Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakrs mother was from Alis family and Qasims daughter Farwah bint al-Qasim was married to Muhammad al-Baqir and was the mother of Jafar al-Sadiq. Therefore, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was the grand son of Abu Bakr the first caliph and the grand father of Jafar al-Sadiq whose views the twelver Shias follow. The twelver Shia do not accept Abu Bakr as the first caliph but do accept his great grand son Jafar al-Sadiq. Aishas also taught her nephew Urwah ibn Zubayr. He then taught his son Hisham ibn Urwah, who was the main teacher of Malik ibn Anas whose views many Sunni follow and also taught Jafar al-Sadiq. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, Hisham ibn Urwah and Muhammad al-Baqir taught Zayd ibn Ali, Jafar al-Sadiq, Abu Hanifa, and Malik ibn Anas. According to Ibn Katheer, Ibn Jareer said that the minister of marriage, Raja bin Haiwah for the Ummayad ruler Sulaiman said that when Sulaiman was on his death bed I told him "Indeed amongst the things that preserves the caliph in his grave is his appointment of a righteous man over the muslims." So he wrote a letter appointing a scholar from Madina, Umar bin Abdul Azeez. To allow the Ummayads to accept this, Raja then advised him to make his brother Yazeed bin Adbul Malik the successor after Umar bin Abdul Azeez.〔The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah by Ibn Katheer, Ismail Ibn Omar 775 HISBN 978-603-500-080-2 Translated by Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad Page 505〕 Umar bin Abdul Azeez was a grand son of Omar, the second Caliph from his mothers side. After his appointment he set up a committee of the main jurist in Madina including Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, Urwah ibn Zubayr, Ubaidullah bin Abdullah bin Utbah, Abu Bakr bin Abdur-Rahman bin al-Harith bin Hisham, Abu Bakr bin Sulaiman bin Abu Hathmah, Sulaiman bin Yasar, Salim bin Abdullah, Abdullah bin Amir bin Rabee'ah and Kharijah bin Zaid bin Thabit, in Madina to advise on legal matters.〔The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah by Ibn Katheer, Ismail Ibn Omar 775 HISBN 978-603-500-080-2 Translated by Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad Page 522〕 The work of Malik ibn Anas and successive jurists is also based on the work of this early committee in Madina. Malik ibn Anas also refers to there Fuqaha' of Madina.〔()〕 Madina at the time had the largest number of Muhammad's companions. Umar bin Abdul Azeez also reduced the taxes the Muslims were paying. This reduced the finances and reduced external expansion. After the death of Umar bin Abdul Azeez, the Ummayad ruler Yazeed bin Adbul Malik took over and tried to reinstate the taxes which resulted in rebellion. 30 years later the Ummayad rule came to an end.〔The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah by Ibn Katheer, Ismail Ibn Omar 775 HISBN 978-603-500-080-2 Translated by Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad Page 509 to 535〕〔A Chronology Of Islamic History 570-1000 CE, By H.U. Rahman 1999 Page 48 and Page 106-109〕 During the Abbasids period fiqh became more centralized〔Muawiya Restorer of the Muslim Faith By Aisha Bewley Page 68〕 Jafar al-Sadiq, Imam Abu Hanifa and Malik ibn Anas worked together in Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina. Along with Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, Muhammad al-Baqir, Zayd ibn Ali and over 70 other leading jurists and scholars. Al-Shafi‘i was taught by Malik ibn Anas. Ahmad ibn Hanbal was taught by Al-Shafi‘i. Muhammad al-Bukhari travelled every where collecting hadith and his father Ismail ibn Ibrahim was a student of Malik ibn Anas〔Understanding Women in Islam: An Indonesian Perspective By Syafiq Hasyim Page 67 ()〕〔Classical Islam: A Sourcebook of Religious Literature By Norman Calder, J. Jawid Ahmad Mojaddedi, Andrew Rippin Page 37 ()〕〔Judaism and Islam in Practice: A Sourcebook By Jonathan E. Brockopp, Jacob Neusner, Tamara Sonn ()〕〔()〕〔()〕 In the books actually written by these original jurists and scholars, there are very few theological and judicial differences between them. Imam Ahmad rejected the writing down and codifying of the religious rulings he gave. They knew that they might have fallen into error in some of their judgements and stated this clearly. They never introduced their rulings by saying, "Here, this judgement is the judgement of God and His prophet."〔(Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook By Charles Kurzman - Page 236 )〕 There is also very little text actually written down by Jafar al-Sadiq himself. They all give priority to the Qur'an and the Hadith (the practice of Muhammad). They felt that the Quran and the Hadith, the example of Muhammad provided people with almost everything they needed. These Scholars did not distinguish between each other. They were not Sunni or Shia. They felt that they were following the religion of Abraham as described in the Quran They were against the formation of sects as described in the Quran Most of the differences are regarding Sharia laws devised through Ijtihad where there is no such ruling in the Quran or the Hadiths of Islamic prophet Muhammad regarding a similar case.〔 As these jurists went to new areas, they were pragmatic and continued to use the same ruling as was given in that area during pre-Islamic times, if the population felt comfortable with it, it was just and they used Ijtihad to deduce that it did not conflict with the Quran or the Hadith. As explained in the Muwatta〔 by Malik ibn Anas.〔 This made it easier for the different communities to integrate into the Islamic State and assisted in the quick expansion of the Islamic State. To reduce the divergence, ash-Shafi'i proposed giving priority to the Qur'an and the Hadith (the practice of Muhammad) and only then look at the consensus of the Muslim jurists (ijma), and analogical reasoning (qiyas).〔 This then resulted in jurists like Muhammad al-Bukhari〔 dedicating their lives to the collection of the correct Hadith, in books like Sahih al-Bukhari. Sahih translates as authentic or correct. They also felt that Muhammads judgement was more impartial and better than their own. During the Abbasid period, many history books were also written as a reference for future generations, recording everything people were saying about the early history of Islam. They were not subject to the same level of authenticity checks. These scholars also laid the foundations of Science in the medieval Islamic world and some scientists and Mathematicians on the List of Muslim scientists were taught by these scholars, they then taught other scholars. Islam discourages the belief in superstition. Hence these scholars felt that humans could truly appreciate God magnificence, by studying Gods creation. For them Islam and science were linked〔(Fathers of Invention: What Muslims Gave the Scientific World, Wired )〕〔()〕〔()〕 The students of these scholars also preserved and translated the Greek and Latin manuscripts during the Dark Ages in Europe. They were also instrumental in the making of the European Renaissance〔Islamic Science and the Making of European Renaissance By George Saliba ()〕〔Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology By Sally Ganchy, Sarah Gancher ()〕〔(Science and Islam By Muaffar Iqbal )〕〔The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West By Toby E. Huff Page 47 ()〕 Many of the early advances in astronomy were made because the Muslims relied on the Sun, the Moon and the stars for the times to pray, and the time of Ramadan and the direction to the Mecca, for the direction to pray and for navigation in the desert and the sea. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Early scholars of Islam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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